This page covers how to cite the following events and interactions using the Chicago Manual of Style:
- conferences
- interviews
- personal communications
- webinars
Each includes examples for both the notes-bibliography and author-date systems. The sources are organized in alphabetical order for ease of reference.
Conferences
Conferences include papers presented at conferences, as well as proceedings.
Notes-Bibliography System
- Bibliography Entry: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Paper presented at the Name of Conference, Location, Month Day, Year.
- First Footnote: 1. Jane Doe, “The Future of Marine Conservation,” paper presented at the International Marine Conference, Boston, MA, April 20, 2021.
- Subsequent Footnotes: 2. Doe, “The Future of Marine Conservation.”
Author-Date System
- In-Text Citation: (Doe 2021)
- Reference List Entry: Doe, Jane. 2021. “The Future of Marine Conservation.” Paper presented at the International Marine Conference, Boston, MA, April 20.
Interviews
Interviews can be published or unpublished, and the citation format varies accordingly.
Notes-Bibliography System
- Published Interview:
- Bibliography Entry: Interviewee’s Last Name, First Name. Interview by Interviewer’s First Name Last Name. Title of Publication, Month Day, Year.
- First Footnote: 1. John Smith, interview by Jane Doe, The New York Times, January 15, 2021.
- Subsequent Footnotes: 2. Smith, interview by Doe.
- Unpublished Interview:
- First Footnote: 1. John Smith, interview by author, January 15, 2021.
- Subsequent Footnotes: 2. Smith, interview.
Author-Date System
- Published Interview:
- In-Text Citation: (Smith 2021)
- Reference List Entry: Smith, John. 2021. Interview by Jane Doe. The New York Times, January 15.
- Unpublished Interview:
- In-Text Citation: (Smith, interview by author, January 15, 2021)
- Reference List Entry: Not required for unpublished interviews.
Personal Communications
Personal communications include letters, emails, phone conversations, and other private communications. These are usually cited only in the text and not included in the bibliography or reference list.
Notes-Bibliography System
- First Footnote: 1. John Doe, email message to author, March 15, 2021.
- Subsequent Footnotes: 2. Doe, email message.
Author-Date System
- In-Text Citation: (John Doe, email to author, March 15, 2021)
- Reference List Entry: Not required for personal communications.
Webinars
Webinars should include information about the presenter, title, hosting organization, date, and URL if available.
Notes-Bibliography System
- Bibliography Entry: Presenter’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webinar.” Webinar, Hosting Organization, Month Day, Year. URL.
- First Footnote: 1. Jane Doe, “Advances in Marine Biology,” webinar, University of Science, May 10, 2021, http://www.example.com/webinar.
- Subsequent Footnotes: 2. Doe, “Advances in Marine Biology.”
Author-Date System
- In-Text Citation: (Doe 2021)
- Reference List Entry: Doe, Jane. 2021. “Advances in Marine Biology.” Webinar, University of Science. May 10. http://www.example.com/webinar.
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